RE: Brightness relation to phase angle

From: Matson, Robert (ROBERT.D.MATSON@saic.com)
Date: Fri Feb 09 2001 - 14:02:39 PST

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    Hi Tom,
    
    > My experiments indicate that the size and brightness of a reflection of
    > the Sun from a shiny sphere is a function of the radius of the
    > reflecting sphere, and the OBSERVER's distance to the reflecting sphere,
    > exactly as you said.  
    
    > But here is the interesting part:  The phase angle DOES appear to affect
    > the reflection, but the wacky bit is that the reflection gets BIGGER as
    > the angle gets shallower.  Meaning, with the sun at my back, the
    > reflection is a small dot near the center of the sphere as described. 
    > Turning around, with the Sun reflecting off of the sphere, the image
    > spreads out into a crescent as it gets nearer the edge (shallower angle)
    > and gets brighter.
    
    I'm fairly certain that for an ideal specular surface
    illuminated by a point source (or in this case a source
    of comparatively small angular size -- the sun), the
    overall reflected irradiance is independent of phase
    angle.  (I haven't actually tried tracing a bunch of
    rays recently to confirm that this is true.)  There may
    be some small deviation due to the fact that the sun
    isn't a point source.
    
    What I think you are seeing when you get to shallower
    phase angles (and the solar reflection spreads into
    a crescent) is the same total number of photons/sec,
    but they are coming from a larger surface area of
    your sphere.  So while the "size" of the distorted
    image of the sun has gone up, the brightness per unit
    solid angle has gone down by a corresponding amount.
    
    It might be difficult to convince yourself of this
    without two identical spheres at widely different
    phase angles that you could quickly look back and
    forth between in order to judge the comparative
    brightness of the highlights.
    
    See if you can dig up some old observational notes on
    the Pageos balloon (before it broke up).  I think you'll
    find that the visual magnitude of this satellite was
    dependent only on range, not phase angle.
    
    Cheers,
    Rob
    
    
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